Two Theories about Hatred
关于仇恨的两种理论
There are two theories perceiving hatred, one illustrates the condition of expressing objective hate to change others’ bad behaviors and another asserts that hatred has a subjective and unavoidable nature.
有两种关于仇恨的理论，一种阐述了表达客观仇恨以改变他人不良行为的状况，另一种则认为仇恨具有主观且不可避免的性质。
The first opinion is that humans possess some unlikeable characteristics which objectively incur hatred. Donald Winnicott, an influential pediatrician and psychoanalyst, terms “objective counter-transference” applying in psychological and psychotic therapy, which means analysts should express their natural feeling of love and hate to patients based on “objective observation” of the patient’s behaviors. In the preface of his article, this theory is said to be widely accepted now (Winnicott, 1994).
第一种观点是，人类具有一些不讨人喜欢的特征，这在客观上会引起仇恨。唐纳德·温尼科特是一位有影响力的儿科医生和精神分析学家，他在心理和精神病治疗中使用“客观反移情”，这意味着分析人员应该在对患者行为的“客观观察”的基础上，向患者表达他们对患者自然的爱恨。在他的文章的序言中，据说这个理论现在被广泛接受（温尼科特，1994）。
It can be inferred that hate can only be objective if it meets two criteria: First, a clinician does not hate a patient himself. If the clinician hates the patient, he would hate the things the patient does, which is not “objective observation”. In this case, his hatred is toward the person but not his behaviors. Second, every rational person deems that the patient’s deed is hateful. If one thinks it is hateful, but another does not, the hate is not objective. The first criterion is achievable, but, in reality, when a therapist seeing a mentally ill patient doing many abnormal things, it is hard to have no negative feeling towards the patient. The second criterion is also not always applicable. For example, if a patient shouts at the therapist, everyone would deem it hateful. But if a patient does not obey the therapist’s instructions, some would hate this, and some would not. Therefore, sometimes it is arbitrary to tell a patient that his behavior is hateful. In addition, the analyst may not observe throughout and be ignorant of factors contributing to the patient’s bad behaviors which could reduce his hatred. Due to these reasons, though Winnicott’s suggestion for analysts to genuinely convey their emotions to patients may lead to better communication and cooperation, it should be cautiously used to avoid bias, irrationality, and hurt. 本章未完，请点击下一页继续阅读！ 第1页/共3页
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